Grip the basics of C++ !!
This article
introduces you to C ++ programming from ground level. This article will teach
you all the funds of C ++ programming but rather the basis for learning C ++
programming, remember that for further learning, the base should be strong and
this is what the article tries to do. It will run you know a lot of funds that
will help you learn more about language. As C ++ was developed by Björn
Straussstrom at Bell Labs in the 1980s as an Object Oriented Programming
Language. This language is considered by many people as an extension of C
programming language. This extension of C to create C++ was obtained by adding
classes to C. This is why C ++ was in the beginning termed as “C with classes”.
The symbolic name of C ++ accurately indicates that this language is the
advanced version of C.
Features: The C ++ programming language is a
highly flexible, versatile and very powerful programming language to develop
any software, especially system software i.e., operating system, compiler, etc.
C ++ is the most
appropriate language for the development of reusable programs, which is very
important to keep production costs minimal.
Comparison with
other programming languages:-
Let's see that how
C ++ compares with other programming languages. All programming languages are
branched in two categories: -
Problem oriented
languages or high level languages: These
languages are designed to give better programming
efficiency, i.e. faster program development. Examples of upcoming languages in
this category are FORTRAN , BASIC , etc.
Machine-oriented
languages ( low-level programming languages ): These languages are
designed to give a better machine efficiency, that is, faster program
execution. Examples of programming languages coming in this category are assembly
language and machine languages. And, C ++
stands between these two categories. This is why it is often called a middle-level
language, because it was designed for both: relatively good Programming
efficiency (compared to machine-oriented languages) and relatively good Machine
efficiency (compared to problem-oriented languages).
Getting Started
with C ++ Programming:-
To communicate
with computer we have to involve the language which it understands and it
obviously rules out our communicating language English. However, there is a
close similarity between learning English language and
learning C ++
language. The classical method of learning English is to first learn letters or
characters used in language, then learn how to combine these letters to make
sentences and the sentences are combined to create paragraphs. Learning C ++
programming is similar and it's very easy.
Therefore, instead
of learning to write programs, we must first do find out that alphabetical
numbers, numbers and special symbols are used in C ++, then how is it used?
And, how these constants, variables and keywords are created, and finally how
are they all this combined to make an instruction? A set of instructions will
be combined later to create a program.
Character set:
Character Set is a set of valid characters so that the language can be
recognized. A character represents any letters, points or any other signs. C ++
has the following character sets:
Letter: A-Z, a-z
Integers: 0-9
Special symbols : space
+ - * / '"() [] and many more we have.
White spaces,
spaces, horizontal tabs, carriage returns, newline etc.
Other characters
can process C ++ 256 ASCII characters as any data or data literal.
When combining the
alphabet, numbers, and special symbols correctly, the constants, variables and
keywords are formed. Let's see what these are: -
Constants: There are constant data items that do
not change their value at anytime while running a program. The C ++ programming
language allows several types of constants.
Variables: There
are variables that can vary during program execution. Convertible names are
names given in places of memory in the computer where the values are
stored.
Keywords: These are words that express a special
meaning for language compiler. Keywords are words that have already been interpreted
to the C ++ compiler. Keywords cannot be used as variable names because if we
do this then we are trying to assign a new meaning for the keyword, which is
not permitted by the computer. Examples of keywords are zero, for, switches
etc.
Data types in C ++:-
There are tools to identify types of data and related
operations to handle it. There are widely two types of c++ data types : -
Fundamental Data Types:
These are predefined for C ++ language. There are at least four original data
types.
char - indicates
that this type of variable can store variable letters
int - indicates
integers
float- indicates floating
point number
void- indicates
valueless data
Derived data
types: These are created
by fundamental types. I will not give you details here because it is a little
higher level.
Instructions in
the C ++ programming language:-
Now we have seen different
types of constants, variables and keywords , the next logical step is to know how
they are added to form instructions.
Type declaration
instruction: To
declare the type of variable used in the program. Example: - int num; Here a
variable number has been declared a type integer.
Input / Output Instructions: To
execute a function supplying input data in a program and to obtain output
results.
Example: - cin
>> A; cout, the first line input is taken from the keyboard by the
function cin and it is assigned to pre-declared variable A. In the second line
'Hello' the function is printed using the cout.
Arithmetic
Instructions: To
perform arithmetic operations between constants and variables. Example: C = A + B; Here a value is assigned to C which
is the sum of the variables A and B.
Control
Instructions: To
control the sequence of execution of different statements in the C ++ program.
Example: - If (A> B) func1 (); Here it has been checked that more than B, if
it is, then the program execution goes to user defined function 'func1'.
First C ++
Program:-
Armed with
knowledge about types of variables, types, keywords, etc. We will write our
first C ++ program. Each instruction in the C ++ program will include a series
of statements. The statement should appear in the same order in which we want
to execute them. The following rules apply to all C ++ programs whether it is
long or complex, they are:-
· To increase the readability of the
statements, the spaces can be inserted between two words. However, no spaces are
allowed within a variable, constant or keyword.
· Generally all statements are entered in
small case letters.
·
C ++
does not have any specific rules for the situation on which a statement is to
be written. This is why it is often called the free form language.
· Note, any C ++ statement always ends
with a semicolon (;).
Now, let's look at
a program that calculates the given two numbers by user:-
//To calculate the sum
of two given numbers
#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num1; //declares a
variable num1 of type int
int num2; //declares a
variable num2 of type int
int sum; //declares a
variable sum of type int
cin>>num1;
//takes input and stores to the variable (var) num1
cin>>num2;
//takes input and stores to the variable (var) num2
sum= num1+num2; //adds
variables (vars) num1 & num2
cout << sum;
return 0;
}
Some useful
tips: -
· A C++ program is a combination of
functions.
· main () is a function that is always
there whether in one form or another in a C ++ program.
· The blank brackets are necessary after
the main.
· The set of statements related to a function
is enclosed within a pair of braces. Example: main () {statement 1; statement2;
statement3; statement4; }
· Any variable is declared before use.
· Any C ++ statement must always end with
a semicolon (;).
·
The
iostream.h file is the file needed to use Cin and Cout functions, which
contains the keywords included in the program.
Summary:-
You have got an introduction
to C ++ programming after going through the article, now you know what C ++ is
and how it is used. Now you know the C ++ language and have learned some of the
most fundamental parts of C ++.
You have learned
how to declare variables and use them in arithmetic operations. In one sentence
you have got the introduction of C ++
programming language and now it will help you to learn further.
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